Dental caries (commonly known as "tooth decay") is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases globally, with a high incidence in adults, particularly among those over 30 years old (Petersen et al., 2005). With age, factors such as tooth wear, gingival recession, and long-term dietary habits increase adults’ susceptibility to caries (Fejerskov, 2015). This study aims to explore the common types, risk factors, and optimal treatment methods for adult dental caries to improve prevention and management of oral health. 

Enamel caries primarily affects the tooth surface, where demineralization weakens the enamel over time (Fejerskov & Kidd, 2008). Early-stage enamel caries often shows no obvious symptoms and can be detected via X-ray imaging (Young et al., 2015). When the carious lesion penetrates the enamel into the dentin, the disease progresses more rapidly, potentially irritating the dental pulp (Bjørndal et al., 2019). Treatment for dentin caries relies on restorative filling techniques, including composite resin and glass ionomer materials (Mjor, 2001). Root caries is common in individuals with periodontal atrophy, where exposed root surfaces—lacking protective enamel—are vulnerable to bacterial erosion (Nyvad & Fejerskov, 1997). Research shows its incidence rises significantly with age (Griffin et al., 2004). Secondary caries occurs at the margins of existing dental restorations (e.g., fillings, crowns), often caused by material degradation, plaque accumulation, or marginal leakage (Mjor, 2005). Prevention includes using advanced bonding technologies and regular restoration check-ups (Ferracane, 2017). 

Caries development involves multiple factors: oral hygiene, dietary habits, and saliva function (Selwitz et al., 2007). Inadequate brushing leads to plaque buildup, while a high-sugar diet accelerates acidic environment formation (Moynihan & Petersen, 2004). Age-related reduced saliva secretion also weakens the teeth’s natural protective mechanisms (Dawes, 2008). 

Treatment Approaches 

Early enamel caries can be managed with fluoride therapy to promote remineralization (Buzalaf et al., 2011). Topical fluoride applications, fluoride toothpaste, and dental sealants effectively reduce caries risk (Marinho et al., 2013). Moderate caries typically requires filling procedures using composite resin, glass ionomer, or inlay restorations (Opdam et al., 2007). When caries progress to pulp infection, root canal therapy is the standard treatment (Ng et al., 2011). Severely damaged crowns may need protective dental crowns (Goodacre et al., 2003). For non-restorable teeth, extraction followed by dental implantation or bridge prosthetics is recommended (Esposito et al., 2005). 

Digital Tools in Caries Diagnosis and Treatment 

Modern dental imaging, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), precisely visualizes caries depth and extent (Pitts et al., 2019). Artificial intelligence (AI) enhances diagnostic accuracy by analyzing oral images, improving early detection (Lee et al., 2020). Digital impression technology aids restorative treatments, enhancing the fit and long-term success of dental prostheses (Fasbinder, 2012). 

Conclusion 

Adult dental caries, with its diverse types and complex causes, is a significant threat to oral health. However, it can be effectively controlled through proactive prevention and evidence-based treatment. Leveraging modern imaging and AI technologies enhances early diagnosis and treatment planning. Maintaining good oral hygiene, regular dental examinations, and integrating digital dental innovations are essential for preserving adult dental health.